在微创医疗领域，内窥镜作为医生的“第二双眼睛”，其性能稳定性直接关系到诊疗精度与患者安全。导光管作为内窥镜的光学“血管”，其维修与保养是设备维护的关键环节。本文将从技术原理、故障模式、修复工艺三个维度，深度解析内窥镜维修中的导光管修复技术。

　　In the field of minimally invasive medicine, endoscopes serve as the "second pair of eyes" for doctors, and their performance stability directly affects the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment and patient safety. As the optical "blood vessel" of endoscopes, the repair and maintenance of the light guide tube is a key step in equipment maintenance. This article will deeply analyze the light guide tube repair technology in endoscopic maintenance from three dimensions: technical principles, failure modes, and repair processes.

　　一、导光管的技术架构与功能定位

　　1、 Technical architecture and functional positioning of light guide tube

　　导光管是内窥镜的光传导通道，由光纤束、金属护套、光学接口三部分构成：

　　The light guide tube is the optical transmission channel of an endoscope, consisting of three parts: fiber bundle, metal sheath, and optical interface

　　光纤束

　　Fiber bundle

　　采用石英玻璃或塑料光纤，通过全反射原理传输照明光。单根内窥镜导光管包含5000-10000根光纤，光损耗率<3%/m，确保成像亮度均匀。

　　Using quartz glass or plastic optical fibers, the illumination light is transmitted through the principle of total reflection. A single endoscope light guide tube contains 5000-10000 optical fibers with a light loss rate of<3%/m, ensuring uniform imaging brightness.

　　金属护套

　　metallic sheath

　　通常由304不锈钢或钛合金制成，壁厚0.2-0.5mm，提供机械保护与光学屏蔽。在弯曲半径<30mm时，仍能保持光纤排列精度，避免光斑畸变。

　　Usually made of 304 stainless steel or titanium alloy, with a wall thickness of 0.2-0.5mm, providing mechanical protection and optical shielding. When the bending radius is less than 30mm, the fiber arrangement accuracy can still be maintained to avoid spot distortion.

　　光学接口

　　optical interface

　　通过SMA或C型接口与光源连接，采用镀膜透镜组进行光束整形，将发散光转换为平行光，照明均匀性达90%以上。

　　Connect to the light source through SMA or C-type interface, use coated lens group for beam shaping, convert scattered light into parallel light, and achieve illumination uniformity of over 90%.

　　二、导光管的典型失效模式

　　2、 Typical failure modes of light guide tubes

　　导光管故障呈现多样化特征，主要分为三类：

　　The faults of the light guide tube exhibit diverse characteristics, mainly divided into three categories:

　　光学性能衰减

　　Optical performance attenuation

　　光纤端面污染、光纤断裂、镀膜老化等因素，导致光通量下降。实测显示，使用500小时后，光输出功率衰减可达15%。

　　Factors such as fiber end contamination, fiber breakage, and coating aging lead to a decrease in luminous flux. Tests have shown that after 500 hours of use, the optical output power can decay by up to 15%.

　　机械损伤

　　mechanical damage

　　因弯曲半径过小、碰撞或清洁不当，造成光纤断裂或护套变形。在胃镜检查中，导光管需承受≥1000次弯曲循环，疲劳损伤风险高。

　　Due to insufficient bending radius, collision or improper cleaning, fiber breakage or sheath deformation may occur. In gastroscopy examination, the light guide tube needs to withstand ≥ 1000 bending cycles, which poses a high risk of fatigue damage.

　　密封失效

　　Sealing failure

　　接口密封圈老化或护套破损，导致体液渗入。在湿热环境下，绝缘电阻可降至1MΩ以下，引发电气安全隐患。

　　The interface sealing ring is aging or the protective sheath is damaged, causing bodily fluids to seep in. In humid and hot environments, the insulation resistance can drop below 1M Ω, causing electrical safety hazards.

　　三、导光管修复的核心工艺

　　3、 The core process of repairing light guide tubes

　　导光管修复需经过八道精密工序，形成闭环维护体系：

　　The repair of the light guide tube requires eight precision processes to form a closed-loop maintenance system:

　　无损检测

　　NDT

　　使用光纤显微镜与光功率计，对光纤端面进行400倍放大检查，定位断裂点与污染区域。光损耗检测精度达0.1dB，误差<5%。

　　Using a fiber optic microscope and optical power meter, perform a 400x magnification inspection on the fiber end face to locate the fracture point and contaminated area. The accuracy of optical loss detection reaches 0.1dB, with an error of less than 5%.

　　清洁处理

　　Cleaning treatment

　　采用超声波清洗机与异丙醇，分三阶段清洁：预洗去除大颗粒，精洗溶解有机物，漂洗去除残留。清洁后光纤端面颗粒数<50个/cm²。

　　Using an ultrasonic cleaning machine and isopropanol, the cleaning process is divided into three stages: pre washing to remove large particles, fine washing to dissolve organic matter, and rinsing to remove residues. After cleaning, the particle count on the fiber end face is less than 50 particles/cm².

　　端面研磨

　　End grinding

　　使用自动研磨机，通过金刚石研磨膏进行八级精度研磨。研磨后光纤端面粗糙度Ra<0.1μm，耦合效率提升20%。

　　Use an automatic grinder to grind with eight levels of precision using diamond grinding paste. After grinding, the roughness Ra of the fiber end face is less than 0.1 μ m, and the coupling efficiency is improved by 20%.

　　镀膜修复

　　Coating repair

　　对老化镀膜层，采用离子束溅射技术重新沉积增透膜。在400-700nm波长范围内，反射率<0.5%，恢复光学性能。

　　For the aging coating layer, ion beam sputtering technology is used to re deposit the anti reflective film. Within the wavelength range of 400-700nm, reflectance<0.5% restores optical performance.

　　护套整形

　　Sheath shaping

　　对变形护套，使用液压校直机与激光测径仪，将弯曲半径恢复至设计值±0.5mm。整形后护套抗拉强度≥800MPa，满足临床使用要求。

　　For the deformed sheath, use a hydraulic straightening machine and a laser caliper to restore the bending radius to the design value ± 0.5mm. After shaping, the tensile strength of the sheath should be ≥ 800MPa, which meets the clinical requirements.

　　密封重建

　　Sealing reconstruction

　　更换氟橡胶密封圈，涂覆硅橡胶密封胶。在2bar压力下，泄漏率<1×10^-6Pa·m³/s，达到IP68防护等级。

　　Replace the fluororubber sealing ring and apply silicone rubber sealant. At a pressure of 2 bar, the leakage rate is less than <1×10^-6Pa·m³/s, achieving an IP68 protection level.

　　性能验证

　　Performance Verification

　　进行光通量测试、色温测试、弯曲疲劳测试。修复后导光管的光输出功率恢复至新品的95%以上，色温偏差<200K。

　　Conduct luminous flux testing, color temperature testing, and bending fatigue testing. After repair, the light output power of the light guide tube has been restored to over 95% of the new product, and the color temperature deviation is less than 200K.

　　灭菌处理

　　Sterilization treatment

　　通过环氧乙烷或过氧化氢等离子灭菌，SAL达10^-6。灭菌后光纤端面无残留，光学性能无衰减。

　　Through plasma sterilization with ethylene oxide or hydrogen peroxide, the SAL reaches 10 ^ -6. After sterilization, there is no residue on the fiber end face and no attenuation in optical performance.

　　四、修复技术的创新方向

　　4、 Innovation direction of repair technology

　　随着材料科学与精密加工技术的发展，导光管修复呈现两大趋势：

　　With the development of materials science and precision machining technology, there are two major trends in the repair of light guide tubes:

　　光纤再生技术

　　Fiber optic regeneration technology

　　采用飞秒激光微加工系统，对断裂光纤进行精准熔接。在显微镜下，可实现0.1mm精度的光纤对接，连接损耗<0.2dB。

　　Using a femtosecond laser microfabrication system, precise fusion welding is performed on fractured optical fibers. Under the microscope, fiber optic docking with a precision of 0.1mm can be achieved, and the connection loss is less than 0.2dB.

　　智能监测系统

　　Intelligent monitoring system

　　在内窥镜手柄集成光纤传感器，实时监测光通量与温度。当光损耗>10%或温度>50℃时，自动触发维护预警，延长导光管使用寿命。

　　The endoscope handle integrates fiber optic sensors to monitor real-time light flux and temperature. When the light loss exceeds 10% or the temperature exceeds 50 ℃, an automatic maintenance warning is triggered to extend the service life of the light guide tube.

　　内窥镜维修中的导光管修复，是光学、机械、电子技术的综合应用。通过建立标准化修复流程与质量控制体系，可显著延长导光管使用寿命，降低设备全生命周期成本。这种精密维护技术不仅保障了内窥镜的诊疗性能，更推动了医疗设备向可维修、可持续方向发展，成为现代医学工程的重要支撑。

　　The repair of light guide tubes in endoscopic maintenance is a comprehensive application of optical, mechanical, and electronic technologies. By establishing a standardized repair process and quality control system, the service life of the light guide tube can be significantly extended, and the total lifecycle cost of the equipment can be reduced. This precision maintenance technology not only ensures the diagnostic and therapeutic performance of endoscopes, but also promotes the development of medical equipment towards repairability and sustainability, becoming an important support for modern medical engineering.

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